hunger awareness

1 awakening.

El despertar de sus sentidos fue lento The awakening of his senses was slow

2 emergence.

1 to wake (up) (persona, animal).

despiértame a la seis, por favor could you wake me (up) at six, please?

2 to arouse.

despertar odio/pasión to arouse hatred/passion

el ejercicio me despierta el apetito exercise gives me an appetite

despertar a alguien las ganas de hacer algo to make somebody want to do something

Su belleza despertó su pasión Her beauty aroused his passion.

3 to revive, to awaken (recuerdo).

esta canción despierta en mí buenos recuerdos this song brings back happy memories

4 to wake up, to arouse, to awaken, to awake.

El ruido despertó a Ricardo The noise woke up Richard.

Elsa amaneció Elsa woke up..

* * *

Conjugation model [ ACERTAR], like link=acertar acertar

► verbo transitivo

1 to wake, wake up, awaken

2 (apetito) to whet

3 figurado (pasiones, deseos, etc) to arouse; (interés) to awake; (recuerdos) to bring back

■ su actitud despertó la duda his attitude raised doubts

► verbo intransitivo

1 to wake up, awake

► verbo pronominal despertarse

1 to wake up, awake

■ me desperté a las siete I woke up at seven

* * *

1) to arouse

2) awaken, wake

•

- despertarse

* * *

1. VT

1) [del sueño] to wake, wake up, awaken liter

2) (=recordar, incitar) [+ esperanzas] to raise; [+ recuerdo] to revive; [+ sentimiento] to arouse

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) < persona> to wake, wake... up

b) <sentimientos/pasiones> to arouse; < apetito> to whet; < recuerdos> to evoke; < interés> to awaken, stir up

a) ( del sueño) to wake (up); ( de la anestesia) to come round

b) (liter) (a la realidad, al amor) to wake up to

despertarse v pron

a) ( del sueño) to wake (up)

b) ( espabilarse) to wake (oneself) up

* * *

= arouse, awakening, spark off, wake up, awaken, awake, rouse, stir up, incite, beckon forth.

Ex. The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.

Ex. Puberty, he describes as 'dreamy and sentimental' and though this may seem a far cry from the teenagers we would recognize that adolescence brings an awakening of emotions, idealism and commitment to a romantic ideal.

Ex. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.

Ex. I do anticipate, however, that we will wake up sooner or later to this enormous competitive threat.

Ex. In the beginning it does not matter what kind of literature causes this to happen; the great thing is that the critical sense has been awakened.

Ex. Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.

Ex. The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.

Ex. The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.

Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.

Ex. Our academic curriculum and is designed to stimulate, challenge, and beckon forth the best from each student.

----

* despertar a la realidad = wake up to + reality, wake up to + the realities.

* despertar de = jolt out of.

* despertar dudas = stir + doubts.

* despertar el deseo = arouse + hunger.

* despertar el entusiasmo = capture + the imagination, work up + an enthusiasm.

* despertar el hambre = work up + an appetite.

* despertar el interés = provoke + interest, stimulate + interest, stir + interest, whet + the appetite, heighten + interest, rouse + interest, capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, work up + an interest, pique + interest.

* despertar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.

* despertar entusiasmo = arouse + enthusiasm.

* despertar interés = arouse + interest, attract + interest, raise + interest, spark + interest.

* despertar interés por = kindle + interest in.

* despertar la atención = arouse + attention, give + wake-up call.

* despertar la curiosidad = arouse + curiosity, provoke + curiosity, spark + curiosity, excite + attention, excite + curiosity, pique + curiosity, stir + Posesivo + curiosity.

* despertar la imaginación = fire + the imagination.

* despertar la motivación = spark + motivation.

* despertar la sed = work up + a thirst.

* despertar las emociones = stir + emotions.

* despertar la sensibilidad = release + feelings.

* despertar pasión = ignite + passion.

* despertarse = get on + the ball.

* despertarse con = wake up to.

* despertarse de = rouse from.

* despertarse sobresaltado = startle awake.

* despertarse sorprendido = startle awake.

* despertar sospechas = stir + suspicion, arouse + suspicion.

* despertar un sentimiento de = stir + a sense of.

* destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.

* duro despertar = rude awakening.

* tener un duro despertar = rude awakening + be in store.

* volver a despertar = reawaken [re-awaken].

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) < persona> to wake, wake... up

b) <sentimientos/pasiones> to arouse; < apetito> to whet; < recuerdos> to evoke; < interés> to awaken, stir up

a) ( del sueño) to wake (up); ( de la anestesia) to come round

b) (liter) (a la realidad, al amor) to wake up to

despertarse v pron

a) ( del sueño) to wake (up)

b) ( espabilarse) to wake (oneself) up

* * *

* * *

despertar¹ [A5 ]

1 ‹persona› to wake, wake … up

despiértame a las ocho wake me (up) at eight o'clock

2 ‹sentimientos/pasiones› to arouse; ‹apetito› to whet; ‹recuerdos› to evoke; ‹interés› to awaken, stir up

un discurso que despertó fuertes polémicas a speech which sparked off o triggered o aroused o provoked fierce controversy

esa música despierta recuerdos de mi niñez that music reminds me of my childhood o brings back o evokes memories of my childhood

1 (del sueño) to wake (up)

todavía no ha despertado de la anestesia she hasn't come round from the anesthetic yet

despertó sobresaltado he woke (up) o ( liter) awoke with a start

2 ( liter) (a la realidad, al amor) to wake up

1 (del sueño) to wake (up)

se despertó de madrugada he woke (up) very early

2 (espabilarse) to wake (oneself) up

voy a darme una ducha a ver si me despierto I'm going to have a shower to try to wake (myself) up

awakening

* * *

a) ‹ persona› to wake, wake … up

b) ‹sentimientos/pasiones› to arouse;

* * *

♦ vt

1. [persona, animal] to wake (up);

despiértame a las seis, por favor could you wake me (up) at six, please?

2. [producir] [sentimientos] to arouse;

despertar odio/pasión to arouse hatred/passion;

el ejercicio me despierta el apetito exercise gives me an appetite;

despertar a alguien las ganas de hacer algo to make sb want to do sth;

esta canción despierta en mí buenos recuerdos this song brings back happy memories for me

♦ vi

1. [dejar de dormir] to wake (up);

¡despierta, que ya hemos llegado! wake up! we've arrived!;

despertó de repente de su sueño she suddenly woke from her dream

2. [espabilar] to wake o wise up

♦ See also the pronominal verb despertarse

* * *

I v/t

1 wake, waken

2 apetito whet; sospecha arouse; recuerdo reawaken, trigger

II v/i wake up

* * *

despertar {55} vi

: to awaken, to wake up

despertar vt

1) : to arouse, to wake

2) evocar: to elicit, to evoke

♦ See also the reflexive verb despertarse

* * *

despertar vb (persona) to wake [pt. woke; pp. woken] / to wake up

used to express surprise, disbelief, displeasure etc

what do you know!

• НАДО ЖЕ!; ВЕДЬ НАДО ЖЕ!; (ВЕДЬ) ЭТО ЖЕ НАДО!; НАДО ЖЕ ТАК! all coll

[Interj; these forms only; fixed WOl used to express surprise, disbelief, displeasure etc: what do you know!; wouldn't you know (it)!; good heavens!; well, I'll be!; you don't say!; well, fancy that!; (just) think of it!; who would have guessed (thought it)!; [in limited contexts]

=====

⇒ what will they think of next!; of all people!; just my luck!

     ♦ [Себейкин:] Есть [водка]? [Вася:] Да что ты, полно! [Себейкин:] Надо же! Водка осталась! Когда это такое было-то! (Рощин 2). [S.:] Is there any [vodka] left? [V.:] C'mon, there's plenty! [S.:] What do you know' There's vodka left! When has that ever happened before? (2a).

     ♦ Взглянув на него [дядю Сандро], я почувствовал, что он мне порядочно надоел... И надо же - старый черт почуял дуновение моего робкого бунта (Искандер 4). Looking at him [Uncle Sandro], I became aware that I was good and sick of him.... Wouldn't you know-the old devil got wind of my timid rebellion (4a).

     ♦ "А вы-то сами откуда?" - "С Улейкона", - ответили они. "Ну, братцы", - только и сказал я. С Улейкона пожаловали, надо же! (Аксенов 1). "But now where are you from?" "Uleikon," they answered. "Well, brothers," was all I said. A visit from Uleikon-well I'll be! (1a).

     ♦ "Неужели до драки доходит?" - простодушно удивился Тэдди. "А ты думал! Напишут на тебя похвальную статью, что ты-де проникнут национальным самосознанием, идешь искать критика, а он уже с компанией - и все молодые, задорные крепыши, дети президента..." - " Надо же", - сказал Тэдди сочувственно (Стругацкие 1). "Does it really come to blows?" asked Teddy innocently. "What did you think happens? They give you a good review, they say you're chock full of national self-awareness. You go to find the critic and he's already got his friends with him, and they're all hot-tempered musclemen, Sons of the President." "You don't say," sympathized Teddy (1a).

     ♦ "Надо же, - говорил мальчик, - я тогда был такой маленький, что бедной маме [оленихе] приходилось на колени становиться, чтобы я доставал до вымени" (Искандер 5). "Think of it," the boy would say, "I was so little then that poor Mama [Deer] had to kneel down for me to reach her udder" (5a).

     ♦ "У меня зубы хорошие, фарфоровые, с меня Аркаша Глотов за них четыре сотни содрал..." Я смотрел на него с любопытством: надо же, всегда был такой запуганный, а тут размахался! (Войнович 6). "I have good porcelain teeth.Arkasha Glotov charged me four hundred rubles for them..." I looked at him with curiosity. Who would have thought it? He had always been so timid, yet here he was strutting, and clicking his teeth! (6a).

     ♦ Надо же! За арестантом, который тянет голодовку почти два месяца, нужен глаз да глаз: "склонен к побегу" (Марченко 2). What will they think of next! A prisoner who maintains a hunger strike for nearly two months must be closely watched, as he displays "tendencies to try to escape" (2a)

     ♦ Конечно, мысль мелькала у нее и раньше, но - не убедительно. Кто ее в этой мысли убедил: Мансуров-Курильский! Надо же?! (Залыгин 1). Of course this thought had occurred to her before, but it hadn't seemed very convincing. And now who had convinced her of it but Mansurov-Kurilsky! Of all people! (1a).

     ♦ [Ирина:] Понимаете, мы договорились с ним встретиться сегодня в двенадцать часов у Главпочтамта. И надо же: как раз сегодня у нас сочинение (Вампилов 5). [I.:] You see, we agreed to meet at noon today by the main post office. And just my luck, today we had an essay to write (5a).

• НАДО ЖЕ!; ВЕДЬ НАДО ЖЕ!; (ВЕДЬ) ЭТО ЖЕ НАДО!; НАДО ЖЕ ТАК! all coll

[Interj; these forms only; fixed WOl used to express surprise, disbelief, displeasure etc: what do you know!; wouldn't you know (it)!; good heavens!; well, I'll be!; you don't say!; well, fancy that!; (just) think of it!; who would have guessed (thought it)!; [in limited contexts]

=====

⇒ what will they think of next!; of all people!; just my luck!

     ♦ [Себейкин:] Есть [водка]? [Вася:] Да что ты, полно! [Себейкин:] Надо же! Водка осталась! Когда это такое было-то! (Рощин 2). [S.:] Is there any [vodka] left? [V.:] C'mon, there's plenty! [S.:] What do you know' There's vodka left! When has that ever happened before? (2a).

     ♦ Взглянув на него [дядю Сандро], я почувствовал, что он мне порядочно надоел... И надо же - старый черт почуял дуновение моего робкого бунта (Искандер 4). Looking at him [Uncle Sandro], I became aware that I was good and sick of him.... Wouldn't you know-the old devil got wind of my timid rebellion (4a).

     ♦ "А вы-то сами откуда?" - "С Улейкона", - ответили они. "Ну, братцы", - только и сказал я. С Улейкона пожаловали, надо же! (Аксенов 1). "But now where are you from?" "Uleikon," they answered. "Well, brothers," was all I said. A visit from Uleikon-well I'll be! (1a).

     ♦ "Неужели до драки доходит?" - простодушно удивился Тэдди. "А ты думал! Напишут на тебя похвальную статью, что ты-де проникнут национальным самосознанием, идешь искать критика, а он уже с компанией - и все молодые, задорные крепыши, дети президента..." - " Надо же", - сказал Тэдди сочувственно (Стругацкие 1). "Does it really come to blows?" asked Teddy innocently. "What did you think happens? They give you a good review, they say you're chock full of national self-awareness. You go to find the critic and he's already got his friends with him, and they're all hot-tempered musclemen, Sons of the President." "You don't say," sympathized Teddy (1a).

     ♦ "Надо же, - говорил мальчик, - я тогда был такой маленький, что бедной маме [оленихе] приходилось на колени становиться, чтобы я доставал до вымени" (Искандер 5). "Think of it," the boy would say, "I was so little then that poor Mama [Deer] had to kneel down for me to reach her udder" (5a).

     ♦ "У меня зубы хорошие, фарфоровые, с меня Аркаша Глотов за них четыре сотни содрал..." Я смотрел на него с любопытством: надо же, всегда был такой запуганный, а тут размахался! (Войнович 6). "I have good porcelain teeth.Arkasha Glotov charged me four hundred rubles for them..." I looked at him with curiosity. Who would have thought it? He had always been so timid, yet here he was strutting, and clicking his teeth! (6a).

     ♦ Надо же! За арестантом, который тянет голодовку почти два месяца, нужен глаз да глаз: "склонен к побегу" (Марченко 2). What will they think of next! A prisoner who maintains a hunger strike for nearly two months must be closely watched, as he displays "tendencies to try to escape" (2a)

     ♦ Конечно, мысль мелькала у нее и раньше, но - не убедительно. Кто ее в этой мысли убедил: Мансуров-Курильский! Надо же?! (Залыгин 1). Of course this thought had occurred to her before, but it hadn't seemed very convincing. And now who had convinced her of it but Mansurov-Kurilsky! Of all people! (1a).

     ♦ [Ирина:] Понимаете, мы договорились с ним встретиться сегодня в двенадцать часов у Главпочтамта. И надо же: как раз сегодня у нас сочинение (Вампилов 5). [I.:] You see, we agreed to meet at noon today by the main post office. And just my luck, today we had an essay to write (5a).

• НАДО ЖЕ!; ВЕДЬ НАДО ЖЕ!; (ВЕДЬ) ЭТО ЖЕ НАДО!; НАДО ЖЕ ТАК! all coll

[Interj; these forms only; fixed WOl used to express surprise, disbelief, displeasure etc: what do you know!; wouldn't you know (it)!; good heavens!; well, I'll be!; you don't say!; well, fancy that!; (just) think of it!; who would have guessed (thought it)!; [in limited contexts]

=====

⇒ what will they think of next!; of all people!; just my luck!

     ♦ [Себейкин:] Есть [водка]? [Вася:] Да что ты, полно! [Себейкин:] Надо же! Водка осталась! Когда это такое было-то! (Рощин 2). [S.:] Is there any [vodka] left? [V.:] C'mon, there's plenty! [S.:] What do you know' There's vodka left! When has that ever happened before? (2a).

     ♦ Взглянув на него [дядю Сандро], я почувствовал, что он мне порядочно надоел... И надо же - старый черт почуял дуновение моего робкого бунта (Искандер 4). Looking at him [Uncle Sandro], I became aware that I was good and sick of him.... Wouldn't you know-the old devil got wind of my timid rebellion (4a).

     ♦ "А вы-то сами откуда?" - "С Улейкона", - ответили они. "Ну, братцы", - только и сказал я. С Улейкона пожаловали, надо же! (Аксенов 1). "But now where are you from?" "Uleikon," they answered. "Well, brothers," was all I said. A visit from Uleikon-well I'll be! (1a).

     ♦ "Неужели до драки доходит?" - простодушно удивился Тэдди. "А ты думал! Напишут на тебя похвальную статью, что ты-де проникнут национальным самосознанием, идешь искать критика, а он уже с компанией - и все молодые, задорные крепыши, дети президента..." - " Надо же", - сказал Тэдди сочувственно (Стругацкие 1). "Does it really come to blows?" asked Teddy innocently. "What did you think happens? They give you a good review, they say you're chock full of national self-awareness. You go to find the critic and he's already got his friends with him, and they're all hot-tempered musclemen, Sons of the President." "You don't say," sympathized Teddy (1a).

     ♦ "Надо же, - говорил мальчик, - я тогда был такой маленький, что бедной маме [оленихе] приходилось на колени становиться, чтобы я доставал до вымени" (Искандер 5). "Think of it," the boy would say, "I was so little then that poor Mama [Deer] had to kneel down for me to reach her udder" (5a).

     ♦ "У меня зубы хорошие, фарфоровые, с меня Аркаша Глотов за них четыре сотни содрал..." Я смотрел на него с любопытством: надо же, всегда был такой запуганный, а тут размахался! (Войнович 6). "I have good porcelain teeth.Arkasha Glotov charged me four hundred rubles for them..." I looked at him with curiosity. Who would have thought it? He had always been so timid, yet here he was strutting, and clicking his teeth! (6a).

     ♦ Надо же! За арестантом, который тянет голодовку почти два месяца, нужен глаз да глаз: "склонен к побегу" (Марченко 2). What will they think of next! A prisoner who maintains a hunger strike for nearly two months must be closely watched, as he displays "tendencies to try to escape" (2a)

     ♦ Конечно, мысль мелькала у нее и раньше, но - не убедительно. Кто ее в этой мысли убедил: Мансуров-Курильский! Надо же?! (Залыгин 1). Of course this thought had occurred to her before, but it hadn't seemed very convincing. And now who had convinced her of it but Mansurov-Kurilsky! Of all people! (1a).

     ♦ [Ирина:] Понимаете, мы договорились с ним встретиться сегодня в двенадцать часов у Главпочтамта. И надо же: как раз сегодня у нас сочинение (Вампилов 5). [I.:] You see, we agreed to meet at noon today by the main post office. And just my luck, today we had an essay to write (5a).

• НАДО ЖЕ!; ВЕДЬ НАДО ЖЕ!; (ВЕДЬ) ЭТО ЖЕ НАДО!; НАДО ЖЕ ТАК! all coll

[Interj; these forms only; fixed WOl used to express surprise, disbelief, displeasure etc: what do you know!; wouldn't you know (it)!; good heavens!; well, I'll be!; you don't say!; well, fancy that!; (just) think of it!; who would have guessed (thought it)!; [in limited contexts]

=====

⇒ what will they think of next!; of all people!; just my luck!

     ♦ [Себейкин:] Есть [водка]? [Вася:] Да что ты, полно! [Себейкин:] Надо же! Водка осталась! Когда это такое было-то! (Рощин 2). [S.:] Is there any [vodka] left? [V.:] C'mon, there's plenty! [S.:] What do you know' There's vodka left! When has that ever happened before? (2a).

     ♦ Взглянув на него [дядю Сандро], я почувствовал, что он мне порядочно надоел... И надо же - старый черт почуял дуновение моего робкого бунта (Искандер 4). Looking at him [Uncle Sandro], I became aware that I was good and sick of him.... Wouldn't you know-the old devil got wind of my timid rebellion (4a).

     ♦ "А вы-то сами откуда?" - "С Улейкона", - ответили они. "Ну, братцы", - только и сказал я. С Улейкона пожаловали, надо же! (Аксенов 1). "But now where are you from?" "Uleikon," they answered. "Well, brothers," was all I said. A visit from Uleikon-well I'll be! (1a).

     ♦ "Неужели до драки доходит?" - простодушно удивился Тэдди. "А ты думал! Напишут на тебя похвальную статью, что ты-де проникнут национальным самосознанием, идешь искать критика, а он уже с компанией - и все молодые, задорные крепыши, дети президента..." - " Надо же", - сказал Тэдди сочувственно (Стругацкие 1). "Does it really come to blows?" asked Teddy innocently. "What did you think happens? They give you a good review, they say you're chock full of national self-awareness. You go to find the critic and he's already got his friends with him, and they're all hot-tempered musclemen, Sons of the President." "You don't say," sympathized Teddy (1a).

     ♦ "Надо же, - говорил мальчик, - я тогда был такой маленький, что бедной маме [оленихе] приходилось на колени становиться, чтобы я доставал до вымени" (Искандер 5). "Think of it," the boy would say, "I was so little then that poor Mama [Deer] had to kneel down for me to reach her udder" (5a).

     ♦ "У меня зубы хорошие, фарфоровые, с меня Аркаша Глотов за них четыре сотни содрал..." Я смотрел на него с любопытством: надо же, всегда был такой запуганный, а тут размахался! (Войнович 6). "I have good porcelain teeth.Arkasha Glotov charged me four hundred rubles for them..." I looked at him with curiosity. Who would have thought it? He had always been so timid, yet here he was strutting, and clicking his teeth! (6a).

     ♦ Надо же! За арестантом, который тянет голодовку почти два месяца, нужен глаз да глаз: "склонен к побегу" (Марченко 2). What will they think of next! A prisoner who maintains a hunger strike for nearly two months must be closely watched, as he displays "tendencies to try to escape" (2a)

     ♦ Конечно, мысль мелькала у нее и раньше, но - не убедительно. Кто ее в этой мысли убедил: Мансуров-Курильский! Надо же?! (Залыгин 1). Of course this thought had occurred to her before, but it hadn't seemed very convincing. And now who had convinced her of it but Mansurov-Kurilsky! Of all people! (1a).

     ♦ [Ирина:] Понимаете, мы договорились с ним встретиться сегодня в двенадцать часов у Главпочтамта. И надо же: как раз сегодня у нас сочинение (Вампилов 5). [I.:] You see, we agreed to meet at noon today by the main post office. And just my luck, today we had an essay to write (5a).

• НАДО ЖЕ!; ВЕДЬ НАДО ЖЕ!; (ВЕДЬ) ЭТО ЖЕ НАДО!; НАДО ЖЕ ТАК! all coll

[Interj; these forms only; fixed WOl used to express surprise, disbelief, displeasure etc: what do you know!; wouldn't you know (it)!; good heavens!; well, I'll be!; you don't say!; well, fancy that!; (just) think of it!; who would have guessed (thought it)!; [in limited contexts]

=====

⇒ what will they think of next!; of all people!; just my luck!

     ♦ [Себейкин:] Есть [водка]? [Вася:] Да что ты, полно! [Себейкин:] Надо же! Водка осталась! Когда это такое было-то! (Рощин 2). [S.:] Is there any [vodka] left? [V.:] C'mon, there's plenty! [S.:] What do you know' There's vodka left! When has that ever happened before? (2a).

     ♦ Взглянув на него [дядю Сандро], я почувствовал, что он мне порядочно надоел... И надо же - старый черт почуял дуновение моего робкого бунта (Искандер 4). Looking at him [Uncle Sandro], I became aware that I was good and sick of him.... Wouldn't you know-the old devil got wind of my timid rebellion (4a).

     ♦ "А вы-то сами откуда?" - "С Улейкона", - ответили они. "Ну, братцы", - только и сказал я. С Улейкона пожаловали, надо же! (Аксенов 1). "But now where are you from?" "Uleikon," they answered. "Well, brothers," was all I said. A visit from Uleikon-well I'll be! (1a).

     ♦ "Неужели до драки доходит?" - простодушно удивился Тэдди. "А ты думал! Напишут на тебя похвальную статью, что ты-де проникнут национальным самосознанием, идешь искать критика, а он уже с компанией - и все молодые, задорные крепыши, дети президента..." - " Надо же", - сказал Тэдди сочувственно (Стругацкие 1). "Does it really come to blows?" asked Teddy innocently. "What did you think happens? They give you a good review, they say you're chock full of national self-awareness. You go to find the critic and he's already got his friends with him, and they're all hot-tempered musclemen, Sons of the President." "You don't say," sympathized Teddy (1a).

     ♦ "Надо же, - говорил мальчик, - я тогда был такой маленький, что бедной маме [оленихе] приходилось на колени становиться, чтобы я доставал до вымени" (Искандер 5). "Think of it," the boy would say, "I was so little then that poor Mama [Deer] had to kneel down for me to reach her udder" (5a).

     ♦ "У меня зубы хорошие, фарфоровые, с меня Аркаша Глотов за них четыре сотни содрал..." Я смотрел на него с любопытством: надо же, всегда был такой запуганный, а тут размахался! (Войнович 6). "I have good porcelain teeth.Arkasha Glotov charged me four hundred rubles for them..." I looked at him with curiosity. Who would have thought it? He had always been so timid, yet here he was strutting, and clicking his teeth! (6a).

     ♦ Надо же! За арестантом, который тянет голодовку почти два месяца, нужен глаз да глаз: "склонен к побегу" (Марченко 2). What will they think of next! A prisoner who maintains a hunger strike for nearly two months must be closely watched, as he displays "tendencies to try to escape" (2a)

     ♦ Конечно, мысль мелькала у нее и раньше, но - не убедительно. Кто ее в этой мысли убедил: Мансуров-Курильский! Надо же?! (Залыгин 1). Of course this thought had occurred to her before, but it hadn't seemed very convincing. And now who had convinced her of it but Mansurov-Kurilsky! Of all people! (1a).

     ♦ [Ирина:] Понимаете, мы договорились с ним встретиться сегодня в двенадцать часов у Главпочтамта. И надо же: как раз сегодня у нас сочинение (Вампилов 5). [I.:] You see, we agreed to meet at noon today by the main post office. And just my luck, today we had an essay to write (5a).

δικαιοσύνη, ης, ἡ (s. δίκαιος; Theognis, Hdt.+) gener. the quality of being upright. Theognis 1, 147 defines δ. as the sum of all ἀρετή; acc. to Demosth. (20, 165) it is the opp. of κακία. A strict classification of δ. in the NT is complicated by freq. interplay of abstract and concrete aspects drawn from OT and Gr-Rom. cultures, in which a sense of equitableness combines with awareness of responsibility within a social context.

① the quality, state, or practice of judicial responsibility w. focus on fairness, justice, equitableness, fairness

ⓐ of human beings (a common theme in honorary ins, e.g. IPriene 71, 14f; 22f of a judge named Alexis; Danker, Benefactor 346–48; cp. Aristot., EN 5, 1, 8, 1129a τὸ μὲν δίκαιον ἄρα τὸ νόμιμον καὶ τὸ ἴσον ‘uprightness consists of that which is lawful and fair’; Ath. 34:2 ἔστι δὲ δ. ἴσα ἴσοις ἀμείβειν ‘uprightness means to answer like with like’; for association of δ. with judgment s. also Diog. L. 3, 79; in contexts of praise δ. suggests authority involving juridical responsibility FX 7, ’81, 255 n. 229) δ. κρίσεως ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος uprightness is the beginning and end of judgment B 1:6. Melchizedek as βασιλεὺς δικαιοσύνης Hb 7:2. ἐργάζεσθαι δικαιοσύνην administer justice Hb 11:33; κρίνειν ἐν δ. (Ps 71:2f; 95:13; Sir 45:26; PsSol 8:24) judge justly Ac 17:31, cp. Mk 16:14 v.l. (Freer ms. line 5 in N. app.); Ro 9:28 v.l. (Is 10:22). ποιεῖν κρίμα καὶ δ. practice justice and uprightness 1 Cl 13:1 (Jer 9:23). καθιστάναι τοὺς ἐπισκοπούς ἐν δ. appoint overseers in uprightness= who will serve justly 1 Cl 42:5 (Is 60:17). David rejoices in God’s δ. 1 Cl 18:15 (Ps 50:16; s. ἀγαλλιάω, end).

ⓑ of transcendent figures (Pla. τὴν δ. θεοῦ νόμον ὑπελάμβανεν ‘considered divine justice [i.e. apportionment of reward or retribution in accordance with behavior] a principle’ or ‘system’ that served as a deterrent of crime Diog. L. 3, 79). Of an apocalyptic horseman ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ κρινεῖ Rv 19:11.

② quality or state of juridical correctness with focus on redemptive action, righteousness. Equitableness is esp. associated w. God (cp. Paradoxogr. Vat. 43 Keller αἰτεῖται παρὰ τ. θεῶν οὐδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν δικαιοσύνης), and in our lit. freq. in connection w. exercise of executive privilege in conferring a benefit. Hence God’s δ. can be the opposite of condemnation 2 Cor 3:9 (s. below); in it God is revealed as judge Rom 3:5—in contrast to human wrath, which beclouds judgment—displaying judicial integrity 3:25 (on this pass. s. also below). Cp. ἐκάλεσά σε ἐν δ. B 14:7 (Is 42:6). Also of equitable privilege allotted by God 2 Pt 1:1.—In Pauline thought the intimate association of God’s interest in retaining a reputation for justice that rewards goodness and requites evil, while at the same time working out a plan of salvation for all humanity, complicates classification of his use of δικαιοσύνη. On the one hand, God’s δ. is pardoning action, and on the other a way of sharing God’s character with believers, who then exhibit righteousness in the moral sense. God achieves this objective through exercise of executive privilege in dispensing justice equitably without reference to νόμος by making salvation available to all humanity (which shares a common problem of liability to wrath by being unanimously in revolt against God Ro 3:9–18, 23) through faith in God’s action in Jesus Christ. The genitival constr. δ. θεοῦ accents the uniqueness of this δ.: Ro 1:17; 3:21f, 25, 26 (s. these pass. also below; Reumann, 3c end); 10:3, and δ. alone 5:21; 9:30 (3 times); 2 Cor 3:9 (opp. κατάκρισις; cp. Dg 9:3; 5). 2 Cor 5:21 may belong here if δ. is viewed as abstract for concrete=δικαιωθέντες (but s. below). All these refer to righteousness bestowed by God cp. ἡ δωρεὰ τῆς δ. Ro 5:17, also 1 Cor 1:30 (sim. 1QS 11, 9–15; 1QH 4, 30–37). In this area it closely approximates salvation (cp. Is 46:13; 51:5 and s. NSnaith, Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 207–22, esp. 218–22; EKäsemann, ZTK 58, ’61, 367–78 [against him RBultmann, JBL 83, ’64, 12–16]). According to some interpreters hunger and thirst for uprightness Mt 5:6 perh. offers (but s. 3a below) a related eschatological sense (‘Kingdom of God’, FNötscher, Biblica 31, ’50, 237–41=Vom A zum NT, ’62, 226–30).—Keeping the law cannot bring about uprightness Ro 3:21; Gal 2:21; 3:21, because δ. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου uprightness based on the law Ro 10:5 (cp. 9:30f), as ἰδία δ. one’s own (self-made) upr. 10:3, is impossible. God’s δ. without ref. to νόμος is to be apprehended by faith Ro 1:17; 3:22, 26; 4:3ff, 13; 9:30; 10:4, 6, 10 (cp. Hb 11:7 ἡ κατὰ πίστιν δ. righteousness based on faith; s. B-D-F §224, 1), for which reason faith is ‘calculated as righteousness’ (Gen 15:6; Ps 105:31; 1 Macc 2:52) Ro 4:3, 5f, 9, 11, 13, 22; Gal 3:6 (cp. Hb 11:7; Js 2:23; AMeyer, D. Rätsel des Jk 1930, 86ff; 1 Cl 10:6; B 13:7). Of Jesus as our righteousness 1 Cor 1:30.—As gift and power Ro 5:17, 21, and because it is intimately associated with the δύναμις of Christ’s resurrection Phil 3:9f (s. below), this righteousness enables the redeemed to respond and serve God faithfully Ro 6:13 (in wordplay opp. of ἀδικία), 16, 18ff; cp. 1 Cor 1:30 of Christ as instrument of God’s gift of δ.; 2 Cor 3:9. Thus God’s δ. functions as δύναμις 6:7 within Christians 5:21 (i.e. the way God acts in justifying or restoring people to a relationship with God’s self serves as a model for Christian interaction; for a difft. view, s. above) through the Spirit (Ro 8:9) and assures them they will have life that will be fully realized at the end of the age Ro 8:10f; for the time being it is a matter of hope ἐλπὶς δικαιοσύνης Gal 5:5 (cp. Is 51:5); cp. ἡ ἐκ θεοῦ δ. Phil 3:9. Pol 8:1 shares Paul’s view: Christ as ἀρραβὼν τῆς δ.—God’s uprightness as gift τοῦ κυρίου τοῦ ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς στάξαντος τὴν δ. who distills uprightness on you Hv 3, 9, 1.—Such perspectives offer a transition to specific ways in which the redeemed express uprightness.

③ the quality or characteristic of upright behavior, uprightness, righteousness

ⓐ of uprightness in general: Mt 5:6 (cp. 6:33; some interpret 5:6 in an eschatological sense, s. 2 above; on desire for δ. cp. ἐπιθυμία τῆς δ. Hm 12, 2, 4); Mt 5:10, 20 (s. b, below); Hm 10, 1, 5; Dg 10:8; λόγος δικαιοσύνης Hb 5:13; Pol 9:1 (s. also Epict., Fgm. Stob. 26; when a man is excited by the λόγος in meetings, he should give expression to τὰ τῆς δικαιοσύνης λόγια). πάσχειν διὰ δ. 1 Pt 3:14. ἄγγελος τῆς δ. Hm 6, 2, 1; 3; 8; 10. ῥήματα δ. 8:9. 10, 1, 5; Dg 10:8; Pol 2:3; 3:1; ἐντολὴ δ. commandment of upr. Pol 3:3; 9:1.—Mt 6:33 of the kind of δ. God expects (on δ. as characteristic required by God acc. to Jewish perspective s. Bousset, Rel.³ 387ff; 379ff; 423; cp. KFahlgren, Sẹdāḳā, nahestehende u. entgegengesetzte Begriffe im Alten Testament, diss. Uppsala ’32.—S. Diog. L. 3, 83 on Plato’s view of δικαιοσύνη περὶ θεούς or δ. πρὸς τοὺς θεούς=performance of prescribed duties toward gods; s. also ref. to 3, 79 at 1b above). Christ’s δ. Dg 9:3, 5. διαλέγεσθαι περὶ δ. Ac 24:25. Opp. ἀδικία (Hippol., Ref. 4, 43, 12; Did., Gen. 20, 27) 2 Cl 19:2; Dg 9:1. As ἀρετή Hm 1:2; Hs 6, 1, 4; 8, 10, 3. Opp. ἀνομία 2 Cor 6:14; cp. 2 Cor. 11:15 (ironical); Hb 1:9 (Ps 44:8); ἁμαρτία, which is the dominating power before δ. θεοῦ comes into play Ro 6:16, 18–20; cp. 1 Pt 2:24. ἐργάζεσθαι δ. (Ps 14:2) do what is right Ac 10:35; accomplish righteousness Js 1:20 (W-S. §30, 7g); Hv 2, 2, 7; 2, 3, 3; m 5, 1, 1; 12, 3, 1; 12, 6, 2; Hs 9, 13, 7. Also ἔργον δικαιοσύνης ἐργάζεσθαι 1 Cl 33:8. Opp. οὐδὲν ἐργάζεσθαι τῇ δ. Hs 5, 1, 4; ποιεῖν (τὴν) δ. (2 Km 8:15; Ps 105:3; Is 56:1; 58:2; 1 Macc 14:35 al.) do what is right 1J 2:29; 3:7, 10; Rv 22:11; 2 Cl 4:2; 11:7. Also πράσσειν τὴν δ. 2 Cl 19:3; διώκειν τὴν δ. (cp. Sir 27:8 διώκ. τὸ δίκαιον) seek to attain/achieve upr. Ro 9:30; 1 Ti 6:11; 2 Ti 2:22; 2 Cl 18:2; δ. ἀσκεῖν Hm 8:10. ὁδὸς (τῆς) δ. (ὁδός 3ab) Mt 21:32; 2 Pt 2:21; B 1:4; 5:4. προπορεύσεται ἔμπροσθεν σου ἡ δ. 3:4 (Is 58:8); cp. 4:12. κατορθοῦσθαι τὰς ὁδοὺς ἐν δ. walk uprightly Hv 2, 2, 6; τῇ δ. ζήσωμεν live uprightly 1 Pt 2:24. πύλη δ. gate of upr. 1 Cl 48:2 (Ps 117:19), cp. vs. 4. ἐν οἷς δ. κατοικεῖ (cp. Is 32:16) in which righteousness dwells 2 Pt 3:13. Of Christ’s body δικαιοσύνης ναο͂ς AcPlCor 2:17. παιδεία ἡ ἐν δ. training in uprightness 2 Ti 3:16. ἔργα τὰ ἐν δ. righteous deeds Tit 3:5. λαμπρότης ἐν δ. rejoicing in uprightness 1 Cl 35:2; ἐχθρὸς πάσης δ. enemy of every kind of upr. Ac 13:10. W. ὁσιότης (Wsd 9:3): holiness and upr. (as the relig. and moral side of conduct; cp. 1QS 1:5; 8:2; 11:9–15; 1QH 4:30f) Lk 1:75 (λατρεύειν ἐν δ. as Josh 24:14); Eph 4:24; 1 Cl 48:4. W. πίστις (OGI 438, 8; 1 Macc 14:35; Just., D. 110, 3) Pol 9:2; cp. 2 Pt 1:1. With εἰρήνη (Is 39:8; 48:18) and χαρά Ro 14:17; cp. 1 Cl 3:4; Hb 7:2 (but s. 1a, above). W. ἀλήθεια (Is 45:19; 48:1) Eph 5:9; 1 Cl 31:2; 62:2; Hs 9, 25, 2. W. ἀγάπη 2 Cl 12:1. W. ἀγαθωσύνη Eph 5:9. W. ἁγνεία Hs 9, 16, 7. W. γνῶσις κυρίου (cp. Pr 16:8) D 11:2. ὅπλα (τῆς) δ. tools or weapons of uprightness Ro 6:13; 2 Cor 6:7; Pol 4:1; θῶραξ τῆς δ. (Is 59:17; Wsd 5:18) breastplate of upr. Eph 6:14. τέκνα δικαιοσύνης (opp. ὀργῆς) AcPlCor 2:19. διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης servants of upr. 2 Cor 11:15; Pol 5:2; μισθός δ. D 5:2; B 20:2; μέρος δ. portion in (eternal salvation) which is meant for righteousness ApPt Rainer 6; καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης (Pr 3:9; 11:30; 13:2) produce of uprightness (ApcSed 12:5) Phil 1:11; Hb 12:11; Js 3:18; Hs 9, 19, 2; GJs 6:3. ὁ τῆς δ. στέφανος the crown of upr. (w. which the upright are adorned; cp. TestLevi 8:2; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 258; a common theme in honorary ins recognizing distinguished public service, s. indexes SIG, OGI and other ins corpora; Danker, Benefactor 345–47; s. also the boast of Augustus, s.v. δίκαιος 1aα) 2 Ti 4:8; cp. ἡ τ. δικαιοσύνης δόξα the glory of upr. ending of Mk in the Freer ms. ln. 11f. Described as a characteristic to be taught and learned, because it depends on a knowledge of God’s will: κῆρυξ δ. preacher of upr. 2 Pt 2:5 (cp. Ar. 15:2 τῇ δ. τοῦ κηρύγματος). διδάσκειν δ. teach upr. (of Paul) 1 Cl 5:7. μέρος τι ἐκ τῆς δ. a portion of uprightness Hv 3, 1, 6; cp. 3, 6, 4; δ. μεγάλην ἐργάζεσθαι m 8:2.—ἐλέγχειν περὶ δικαιοσύνης convict w. regard to uprightness (of Jesus) J 16:8, 10 (s. WHatch, HTR 14, 1921, 103–5; HWindisch: Jülicher Festschr. 1927, 119f; HTribble, Rev. and Expos. 32, ’37, 269–80; BLindars, BRigaux Festschr., ’70, 275–85).

ⓑ of specific action righteousness in the sense of fulfilling divine expectation not specifically expressed in ordinances (Orig., C. Cels. 7, 18, 39; Did., Gen. 188, 27: οἱ κατὰ δ. ζῶντες) Mt 3:15=ISm 1:1; of a superior type Mt 5:20 (s. JMoffatt, ET 13, 1902, 201–6, OOlevieri, Biblica 5, 1924, 201ff; Betz, SM 190f); not to win plaudits 6:1. To please outsiders as well as oneself 2 Cl 13:1. W. characteristic restriction of mng. mercy, charitableness (cp. Tob 12:9) of God, whose concern for the poor 2 Cor 9:9 (Ps 111:9) is exemplary for the recipients of the letter vs. 10; participation in such activity belongs, according to Mt 6:1f (cp. δίκαιος 1:19: Joseph combines justice and mercy), to the practice of piety (on the development of the word’s mng. in this direction s. Bousset, Rel.³ 380). Pl. (B-D-F §142; W-S. §27, 4d; Rob. 408 δικαιοσύναι righteous deeds (Ezk 3:20; 33:13; Da 9:18) 2 Cl 6:9. δικαιοσύναι righteous deeds (Ezk 3:20; 33:13; Da 9:18; TestAbr A 12 p. 91, 12 [Stone p. 30]) 2 Cl 6:9. ἀρετὴ δικαιοσύνης Hm 1:2; Hs 6, 1, 4; cp. 8, 10, 3.

ⓒ uprightness as determined by divine/legal standards δ. θεοῦ upr. that meets God’s standard Js 1:20 (W-S. 30, §7g).—Ro 10:5; Gal 2:21; 3:21; Phil 3:6; 3:9.—ASchmitt, Δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ: JGeffcken Festschr. ’31, 111–31; FHellegers, D. Gerechtigkeit Gottes im Rö., diss. Tüb. ’39; AOepke, TLZ 78, ’53, 257–64.—Dodd 42–59; ADescamps, Studia Hellenistica, ’48, 69–92.—S. also JRopes, Righteousness in the OT and in St. Paul: JBL 22, 1903, 211ff; JGerretsen, Rechtvaardigmaking bij Pls 1905; GottfrKittel, StKr 80, 1907, 217–33; ETobac, Le problème de la Justification dans S. Paul 1908; EDobschütz, Über d. paul. Rechtfertigungslehre: StKr 85, 1912, 38–87; GWetter, D. Vergeltungsged. b. Pls 1912, 161ff; BWestcott, St. Paul and Justification 1913; WMacholz, StKr 88, 1915, 29ff; EBurton ICC, Gal. 1921, 460–74; WMichaelis, Rechtf. aus Glauben b. Pls: Deissmann Festschr. 1927, 116–38; ELohmeyer, Grundlagen d. paul. Theologie 1929, 52ff; HBraun, Gerichtsged. u. Rechtfertigungslehre b. Pls. 1930; OZänker, Δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ b. Pls: ZST 9, ’32, 398–420; FFilson, St. P.’s Conception of Recompense ’31; WGrundmann, ZNW 32, ’33, 52–65; H-DWendland, D. Mitte der paul. Botschaft ’35; RGyllenberg, D. paul. Rechtfertigungslehre u. das AT: Studia Theologica (Riga) I ’35, 35–52; HJager, Rechtvaardiging en zekerheid des geloofs (Ro 1:16f; 3:21–5:11) ’39; HHofer, D. Rechtfertigungsverk. des Pls nach neuerer Forschg. ’40; VTaylor, Forgiveness and Reconciliation ’41; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 266–80, Eng. tr. KGrobel ’51, I 270–85; SSchulz, ZTK 56, ’59, 155–85 (Qumran and Paul); CMüller, FRL 86, ’64 (Ro 9–11); JBecker, Das Heil Gottes, ’64; PStuhlmacher, Gerechtigkeit Gottes b. Paulus, ’65; JReumann, Int 20, ’66, 432–52 (Ro 3:21–31); HBraun, Qumran II, ’66, 165–80; JZiesler, The Mng. of Righteousness in Paul, ’72; ESanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism, ’77 (s. index 625; appendix by MBrauch 523–42 rev. of discussions in Germany); SWilliams, JBL 99, ’80, 241–90.—CPerella, De justificatione sec. Hb: Biblica 14, ’33, 1–21; 150–69. S. also the lit. on πίστις and ἁμαρτία.—On the whole word s. RAC X 233–360; AKöberle, Rechtfertigung u. Heiligung 1930; EDNT I 325–30.—DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. EDNT.TW. Sv.